Top Down Approach Of Policy Implementation Social Work Essay Essay Example

Top Down Approach Of Policy Implementation Social Work Essay Essay Example Top Down Approach Of Policy Implementation Social Work Essay Essay Top Down Approach Of Policy Implementation Social Work Essay Essay Analyzing the mental wellness policy in China through the position of policy execution, it is clear that it is runing under a top-down attack. Quantitatively, using the World Health Organization Mental Health Policy and Plan Checklist and the World Health Organization Mental Health Legislation Checklist to analyse the content of mental wellness policy and statute law in the PRC, we can happen that quite a batch of insufficiencies and defects. The WHO ( 2007 ) suggests the demand to develop a national advisory organic structure to authorities on the execution of mental wellness policies and services. Such a group could play a function in reexamining, monitoring and measuring mental wellness policies and programmes. The commission could besides join forces with other sectors such as the Ministries of Education, Ministries of Justice, Ministries of Local Government, Ministries of Social Welfare, and development bureaus and givers to raise consciousness of the impact of mental upsets every bit good as the demand to see mental wellness when developing their ain policies and programmes, in order to vouch more successful mental wellness policy execution. However, the mental wellness policy preparation and execution in PRC has tended to follow a top-down attack. There has been small audience in both the development and execution of current mental wellness. This survey shows that adequate and dependable informations for the development of evidence-based mental wellness policy is rarely available. However, dependable, comprehensive and accurate informations on the incidence of mental upsets, the Numberss of people go toing both specialist intervention, and the impact of mental upsets on the person and household, can all pave a sound footing for reasoning an increasing committedness and resources for mental wellness, and more effectual mental wellness attention bringing ( WHO, 2005 ) . Strengthening the grounds base through research in mental wellness and the development of an efficient and comprehensive mental wellness information system is hence an of import measure for the People s Republic of China in developing mental wellness policies which address those countries most in demand. Although there has been widespread support among citizens, head-shrinkers, attorneies, and media for the Mental Health Law. The passing of the statute law, which praised for stand foring best pattern in such countries as the extent of audience and in protecting human rights, was merely happened in Oct. 26, 2012, and will be officially enacted in May, 2013. This Law is an indispensable first measure towards set uping mental wellness statute law, and would show a political committedness towards the betterment of mental wellness attention in the PRC. However, contrasting with the other several Torahs specialising in economic system, national defence, or even political reform, the Mental Health Law is comparatively lagged buttocks, and it did non mention the proviso of more support, which is critical for effectual execution. Therefore, under this top-down attack, farther mental wellness services betterment of quality and enlargement of measure for mental illness individuals are hard. 4.1 Recovering and Rehabilitation from the Destruction Reopen to the Country and World After Mao s decease and the ruin of the Gang of Four in 1976, the mental wellness policy in the PRC has been bit by bit redeveloping and retrieving from the old catastrophe from 1977 to 1980. At first, there was important growing of enthusiasm by the policy shapers and psychiatric professionals to derive the rehabilitative consequence. On one manus, they began to acknowledge and analyze jobs and insufficiencies in mental wellness service in mental wellness cognition and services in China. They realized the misinterpretations caused by the political coercion, citing Dr Young Derson: We do non believe that you can acquire a disease from a incorrect thought nor will a correct thought remedy a patient. We try to learn the significance of unwellness, based on scientific cognition ( Achtenberg, 1983 ) . Therefore, more head-shrinkers began to see non-biological accounts for mental unwellnesss and experimented with more originative methods of psychological rehabilitation service bringin g ( Ran, 2005 ) . On the other manus, while many old interventions like utilizing Mao s plants to sublimate the patients value system faded off ( Achtenberg, 1983 ; Bloomingdale, 1980 ; Masserman, 1980 ) , communications with professionals from Western states flourished ( Li A ; Chan, 2003 ) . Hence, comparing with the socialist system of Chinese psychopathology mentioned a great figure of Western head-shrinkers when they came and observed the political manner in naming and handling mental wellness, the Western publications after the Cultural Revolution fell aggressively. This was non merely because the intensive willingness of Chinese head-shrinkers to get down researching in mental wellness, but besides due to the increasing publication in English about the state of affairs of PRC by the Chinese head-shrinkers ( Pearson, 1995 ) . However, these verves were so tempered disappointingly by two obstructions, at least in the initial phase. First and most significantly, the restraints from the uncertainness of political air currents and the authorities s attitude to the outside exchange. Second, after being insulated for more than three decennaries, they were shocked by their sudden exposure to the unfamiliar universe, perpetrating a great trade of corruptions against their deep-seated political, professional, and cultural thoughts ( Pearson, 1995 ) . As clip moved on, they gained a certain grade of assurance in acquisition and pass oning with the Western engineering and this was further aided by the new policy prefering the betterment on professions and intellectuals ( Sidel A ; Sidel, 1982 ) . 4.2 Reorganizing and Reconstruction of Mental Health Policy Centralized Approach Stimulated by the inhibitory enthusiasm of researches during the Cultural Revolution, in 1982, the first nation-wide epidemiological survey was done by head-shrinkers and bookmans in seven parts in People s Republic of China, ended with a warning consequence: the prevalence of mental unwellness was estimated to be 11.8 % ( Zhang, Shen, A ; Li, 1998 ) , and it was reported that there seemed to be an addition in the per centum of schizophrenic patients in mental infirmaries, from 70 % in the 1970s to 80 % in 1980 ( Yang, 1994 ) . Obviously, this signified a great demand of mental wellness services within the society and more effectual mental wellness policy was peremptorily required by the dominate Party and authorities. In Article 45 of the 1982 Constitution of the People s Republic of China that still patterns till now, it clearly stated the province s willingness for offering the public assistance and support to guarantee the wellness of people: Citizens of the People s Republic of China have the right to material aid from the province and society when they are old, ill or disenable. The province develops the societal insurance, societal alleviation and medical and wellness services that are required to enable citizens to bask this right. The province and society guarantee the support of handicapped members of the armed forces, provide pensions to the households of sufferer and give discriminatory intervention to the households of military forces. The province and society help do agreements for the work, support and instruction of the blind, deaf-and-dumb and other handicapped citizens. ( National People s Congress ( NPC ) of the People s Republic of China, 1982 ) However, while using the construct of welfare mix , which developed to analyse the assorted beginnings of public assistance including wellness constabularies in most provinces and societies ( Higgins, 1981 ; Pinker, 1985 ; Rose A ; Shiratori, 1986 ) , the PRC has to imagine and acknowledge the comparatively fringy function that the province dramas, as in the three-concentric circle model of welfare mix in this Party-dominated province, the household locates at the Centre, the collective ( by danwei or by the vicinity ) situates the following, and the province displacements to the outer ring ( Wong, 1992 ) . However, there have still been comparatively uninterrupted reforms and attempts the People s Republic of China has been lending to since the 1980s ( Wong, 1992 ) . In 1986, the Second National Conference on Mental Health Work was held in Shanghai, 28 old ages after the first 1 in Nanjing in 1958. After the treatment, an of import functionary papers named Some Opinions about Strengthening Mental Health Work ( e?†ºc†YeaˆÂ °Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ?†?eaˆ?a†¦Ã‚ ¬a ®Ã¢â‚¬ °ee--?aS a? ·cc?ze?†ºc†Ya ·?acs„?„?e ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ ) was issued and a cardinal policy was formulated together with three governmental setups: Ministry of Health, Ministry of Civil Affairs, and Ministry of Public Security ( 1987 ) . In this papers, several troubles and insufficiencies in the 1980s were emphasized, including the fact that there was merely 50 % of the support for the general infirmaries of the same class went to psychiatric infirmaries, and about 80 % of the people with mental unwellness or upsets received no intervention, with reasonably 5 % of them could be admitted to a infirmary and so on ( Pearson, 1996 ) . Consequently, si x recommendations or waies were offered: ( 1 ) Practically, strengthen the overall coordination of mental wellness services by three governmental ministries ( Ministry of Health, Ministry of Civil Affairs, and Ministry of Public Security ) , specifically in support, staffing, preparation and educating. ( 2 ) Ideologically, include mental wellness policy ends and works into the route to Chinese Socialism Construction Spiritual Culture in People s Republic of China. Hence, local and regional governments from all degrees should necessarily back up it. ( 3 ) Increasingly, outline the programs and undertakings to set up multi-level staffing, preparation, and advancing the mental wellness workers so that more professional services will be provided. ( 4 ) Legally, develop national mental wellness jurisprudence and proper processs in forensic direction of admittance, detainment, and intervention of mental wellness intervention of mental patients, in peculiarly those with condemnable records, violent injuries or possible injuries to the others. ( 5 ) Locally, facilitate related public assistance services and community support such as vocational rehabilitation, adjustment, and employment for dismissed mental patients so that they can be decently integrated into the community. Related parties and organisations should besides collaborate into the bar of mental unwellness. ( 6 ) Broadly, increase the measure and quality of mental wellness instruction to the populace, so that everyone in the society shall take serious about his or her mental wellness conditions can make a stable society. ( Ministry of Health et al. , 1987 ) Probably, this was the most honorable and realistic functionary statement available about the status of psychiatric services boulder clay so. And it was clear that those jobs support, preparation, staffing, stigmatisation, and acknowledgment of mental wellness were rather similar to those experienced elsewhere. However, the difference, possibly the most destructive, was that there was no other state faced the sheer outrageousness of coordinating and providing services for, as the papers mentioned, ten million psychiatric patients. And this necessarily warned and convinced the policy shapers of possible mental unwellness to acknowledge the negative consequence on the wellness of the multitudes and that covering with it should be approached with the same sum of energy as devoted to undertaking bilharzia or malaria that were prevailed at that clip ( Pearson, 1995 ) . However, there were several insufficiencies and ambiguities in the 1987 papers committed if it would be referred as a guideline that burdened great outlooks. First of wholly, the recommendations were more like a wish list with small matter-of-fact suggestions or operational programs to sketch the indispensable or even necessary stairss to be taken, the stakeholders to be influenced and concrete ends to be achieved. Besides, there were no specific guidelines as to calculate out to what figure of hospital beds, out-patient installations, and so on there should be per caput of population. Second, it was obvious that there lacked a elaborate considerations for resource deductions of where the support comes from and how will it be shared within national, provincial, and local organisations. Last but non least, after analyzing the tones and concerns of the text, there lefts an feeling that people involved in outlining this papers were from the urban-based category, so that few efforts wer e to turn to the most serious job in service bringing, or how to run into the demand for the 75 % rural patients ; nor the prognosis for drug direction in infirmaries located in the undeveloped countries so that they may non pin down in the deficit of interrupted supplies.

Study of Customer Service in the Largest Telecommunications Companies Essay

Study of Customer Service in the Largest Telecommunications Companies in the Sultanate of Oman - Essay Example The current global business atmosphere presents a very competitive atmosphere than it has ever been. Therefore, if an organization is unable to offer goods or services when clients need them then there are other multiple companies instantly ready to rise and fill the void. Organizations have only one opportunity to make their first impression; however, when business leaders fail to clinch onto this fact or remain unwilling to offer appropriate resources for meeting the needs of customers, then the organizations are prone to finding themselves struggling for business. According to James (2000), quality is customer’s general view regarding the relative strength or weakness of service; hence, customer satisfaction relies on experiences of personal service transactions and opinions regarding the general service accorded. Therefore, prior experience by a customer can significantly increase or diminish the level of customer expectation; therefore, the largest Oman telecommunication companies have an opportunity for improving their value by the way they present customer care. The research objective for the project is the evaluation of the customer service within the main telecommunications businesses in Oman. Literature Review According to Robin (2007), as a part of making sure customer services is enhanced, it is very essential for companies to see the degree to which their own goods or services gratify the customers. Berry Moller (2006) established that organizations in both service and manufacturing industries seek to be in good terms with customers with regard to customer care; therefore, the organizations introduce service innovations in order to develop value and remain competitive. Relationship value is essential, and can be gained by offering the best services such as customer care together with relationship quality among others that are able show strong impact on satisfaction (Michel & Gallan, 2008). According to Koumar (2008), measure of sales, the nu mber of people in relation to them taking into account other services such as technical ability, knowledge, as well as pricing requirements may establish strength of relations with customers. According to Brose (2008), the pace of response, the rates of customer contact as well as the scale of cooperation among others are considered as one of the most necessary services a client can anticipate for from a vendor. Paul (2008) stated that people who possess positive experiences in corporations’ customer service department are likely to inform two or three other people regarding the experience, as Consumer Affairs website successfully established; therefore, superior quality customer service serves as a source of endorsement for organizations. According to Rogers (2003), 82% of customers move from one company to another because of customer service issue; therefore, if this is anything to go by, then offering superior quality customer service ought to be taken seriously by all bus inesses including the largest telecommunication companies in Oman. An exemplary customer service acts as an essential value-added service to businesses in an attempt of offering customers of any organization an

Take two states and compare their juvenile justice systems Research Paper

Take two states and compare their juvenile justice systems - Research Paper Example When they enter the system it’s a totally new ballgame for them. They come in proximity of those adults who have already committed crime. This can exert a negative effect on the young. Juvenile justice system has also criticized on the grounds of less interactive, lack of respect for the defaulter, lack of inputs which could persuade or give a fair chance to the defaulter to correct his or her fault encouraging them to take a right course of action (Glass, 2012, pp. 1-5). Juvenile justice, as mentioned, varies from state to state and each state has its own jurisdiction for such system. It has been said by the authors that the juvenile justice system in California is not racially neutral. This was one of the worst drawbacks which the California juvenile justice system suffered. The decision points suffered from the effect of race. The authors emphasized that, â€Å"Minority youth are more likely than the majority youth to become involved in the system†. There were severa l issues that needed to be directed based on this system. In comparison with the adult criminal justice, the juvenile justice lacked supervision and review. On the contrary it had also been found that in the juvenile justice system there had been cases which witnessed no disparity amongst the young defaulter. But when inequalities prevailed it involved either large differentiation at some point of stage in the system or else followed a sequence of accumulations of comparatively minor divergences in processing with a moderately hefty net effect. Moreover the system prevailed in California was volatile in nature which allowed the disparity in the system. The system lacked an analytical model which desirably would simplify the problems existed within the system (Pope & William, July 1995, pp. 1-15). However in the light of the above mentioned critic, the juvenile justice system in California was subjected to some recommendation which, if implemented, would help it to become a system wi th more fluidity. It lacked a systematic monitoring which if developed would facilitate the processing at each stage of the juvenile justice. Introduction of research program was suggested. Consideration in training and development of the staffs of the system was highly suggested which would make improvement in dealing with minor offenders. Critical examination at local stages, if implemented, would lower the gap between the minority and majority youth. Restructuring of laws in the juvenile justice was advised where problems of inequalities prevailed. Workshop for the youth psychoanalysis might help them to come out of mental disorder if any. The jurisdiction itself was suggested to be strengthened enough to carefully evaluate the decision making at every stage and should make a note of the thing that their dealings were with the minors with an derailed mindset, but not with the criminals (Pope & William, July 1995, pp. 19-20). In this contrast author Muncie, 2008, said, â€Å"Juve nile justice systems throughout America now give greater weight to punishment as an end in itself† (Muncie, 2008, pp. 3). A comparative analysis can be done by comparing the juvenile justice laws prevailing in Florida. In contrast with California juvenile justice law the Florida law was less flexible and followed extreme consequences. In many cases it was noted that the victims were tried in adult court and received imprisonment for life. The psychoanalysis part was not at all strengthened in the Florida law, rather

Biometrics - Careers, Technology and Contribution to Business Competit Research Paper

Biometrics - Careers, Technology and Contribution to Business Competitive Advantage - Research Paper Example The acquisition device extracts a feature from the provided sample to produce a reference template which would undergo matching with a match- template to generate a score (Barcode.ro, 2014). There is always a predetermined threshold based on which the score of the biometric score gets measured to reach a decision; conclusion on the degree of match. Majors in the field of biometrics stand a chance of securing jobs in organizations such as police forces, government agencies and intelligence services, corporate investigation companies and forensic computing firms. Biometric specialists can be employed in these organizations for a range of job titles including cryptographers, who work towards hiding the kind of information that should be kept secret, for example, bank account PINs (Kent.ac.uk, 2014). Another job title in this profession is a software developer whose job description is to encrypt software and offer data compression services. Network software developers play the role of designing software for media companies. Biometrics as a technology is applied for different reasons that vary depending on the type of organization. The employability is however limited to verification of identification for either enterprise or document security (detection of fraud). Identification is essential to addressing loyalty and theft in a business environment (Opara, Rob & Etnyre, 2006). It is also widely applied in forensics, for instance, prison security and criminal identification. Many businesses are sluggish in the adoption of Biometric technologies into their operations. Reports show that the slow adoption is mainly attributed to the high financial costs associated with the installation and maintenance of biometric equipment. However, Biometrics is the most reliable option that any business will ever resolve. Its adoption is associated with plenty of competitive advantages in an increasingly competitive market.  Ã‚  

The Sun Also Rises Report Essay -- essays research papers fc

Hemingway's Hero Of the segments of American society scarred by the anguish of the First World War, the damage was most severe amongst the younger generation of that time. Youthful and impressionable, these people were immersed headlong into the furious medley of death and devastation. By the time the war had ended, many found that they could no longer accept what now seemed to be pretentious and contradictory moral standards of nations that could be capable of such atrocities. Some were able to brush off the pain and confusion enough to get on with their lives. Others simply found themselves incapable of existing under their country's thin faà §ade of virtuousness and went abroad, searching for some sense of identity or meaning. These self-exiled expatriates were popularly known as the 'Lost Generation'; a term credited to Gertrude Stein, who once told Hemingway: 'That's what you all are. All you young people who served in the war. You are a lost generation… You have no respe ct for anything. You drink yourself to death.';1 Many of these individuals tended to settle in Paris, a suitable conduit through which to pursue their new lifestyle. Content to drift through life, desperately seeking some sort of personal redemption through various forms of indulgence, these people had abandoned their old value system and heroes, only to find difficulty in finding new ones. A great deal of new literature was spawned in an effort to capture the attitudes and feelings of such individuals to reinvent a model of sorts for a people sorely lacking any satisfactory standard to follow. At the forefront of these writers was Ernest Hemingway, whose Novel, The Sun Also Rises, became just such a model, complete with Hemingway's own definition of heroism. Many of the characters in the novel represented the popular stereotype of the post WWI expatriate Parisian: wanton and wild, with no real goals or ambitions. Mike Campbell, Robert Cohn, and Lady Brett Ashley, and even the prota gonist Jake Barnes all demonstrate some or all of the aforementioned qualities throughout the novel. All seem perfectly content to exist in their own oblivious microcosm, complete with their own 'unique' set of moral values. While the qualities of these characters dominate, to an extent, the flow of the novel, it is important to acknowledge their contrast to Jake and the bullfighter, Pedro Romero. U... ...than an escape from the trappings of real life. Just like Belmonte before him, Romero is eventually destined to deteriorate, and to be faced with an outside world that has no room for chivalry (as Robert Cohn found out). While this happens, we can assume that Jake Barnes will continue as before: confident and self-assured, with a clear understanding and acceptance of his limitations. Jake is Hemingway's hero for a new age in which the old standards of chivalry and romanticism are quite dead. Brett understands this partially, and demonstrates so by her inability to completely fall out of love with him, but she is still driven on by a promise of something more. Something that she saw, if only fleetingly, in the young Pedro Romero. Something that only exists in legends, storybooks and bull-rings. Works Cited Hemingway, Ernest. The Sun Also Rises. Ed. Simon & Schuster Inc. New York. 1926. Author Unknown. The Kaplan Calander of Events. http://www1.kaplan.com/view/calendar/event/previe w/1,270,715-3,00.html 1999. Monahan, Kerrin, Ross. Dramatica Storytelling Output Report . 'The Sun Also Rises.'; http://www.dramatica.com/dCritiques_folder/dAnalyses_folder/the_sun_also_rises.html 1998

Price and Value Agreement

Is the value of something equal to the price tag placed on it? Is the value and worth of something the same for every person? This is something that many struggle with understanding properly. To fully understand this concept then you must understand the true difference between the value, price, and worth of something. I intend to explain these and provide you with a better understanding by the end of this paper. Have you ever went grocery shopping and purchased multiple items just because there was a half off sale; or a buy one and get one free sale? Many of you probably have, I am one myself that is guilty of this. However, have you ever really thought about the value of that additional item? Since it was free does it mean that there was not value of it either? This is where the importance of knowing the difference in value and price. The value of something does not determine the price of it; the price is determined by the demand of something and how many are available, or otherwise known as the supply. If there is a high demand of something then there is going to be a lower supply of them available. When the supply is low and the demand is high; people are willing to pay more for that item when it is available. This is something that you see happening during the holiday season. For example, a few years ago when the Tickle Me Elmo’s were so popular, the stores increased the prices by almost double just because they knew that people would pay it. Are you one of those people that will pay the price for something you want, regardless on how much it is? There are many of people that do; but not me. I am one of those that will wait for the price to go down; or will do research online to look and see if I can find it cheaper. I am not one of those people that have to have the best of everything; although I do like to stay within the modern days. However, I am willing to pay more for fuel and true necessities. I know that there are smaller stores and gas stations that have these things but price them higher; however, I figure if I can get everything that I need at that time in one stop then why should I waste gas to drive around to find what I am looking for? I have also realized that the name brand items are more expensive that the generic items. This sometimes means that you get cheaper made products, depending on what you are looking at at that particular time. I will pay more for the more popular and name brand items when it comes to vehicles and electronics; but I am all for the generic in everything else. There are sometimes that I prefer name brand jeans; but that is just because they are stronger material for when I work. My uncle is from Mexico and sends money home often. He indicated that the last time he sent money the exchange rate was fourteen peso to the American dollar. So does this mean that if something costs fourteen thousand dollars here that it is only one thousand in Mexico? No, it does not. Something that would cost 32 peso in Mexico would convert to costing two dollars and twenty five cents in American dollars. However that same thing is going to cost roughly three dollars and sixty cents here. Mexico has a much lower income rate so therefore the cost of living is lower. This also applies for each state here in the United States. There are different states that have higher income levels, thus higher cost of living. This means that goods, services, homes, and many other things are going to be more expensive in that state than what you could get in another state. With this being said; is a three bedroom home is California worth more or better than the same three bedroom home in Montana? This does not make the house any better than the other; however, does make it worth more. This is because California is a much more desired state to live in and work because of the attractions and the income level being so high. Therefore, the real estate prices and value go up. The house in California is also going to have a different type of structure that the one in Montana and that is because of the different climate threats and weather conditions; therefore, that also raises the value of the property. However, the largest asset that is going to determine the value of the property is the location of it. I personally would pass up an opportunity to live in a large state and city any day just to stay in my little town. I may not live in the best house but I do live in the best neighborhood of my town. I don’t have to worry about the crime and violence where I am as much as others do. The one thing to remember about property value is that it is better to be the roughest house in the best neighborhood than what it is to be the best house in the roughest neighborhood. This is once again because of the location determine the value of the home. Not only have the value and prices of real estate in my area went down over the years with the economy; but the value of the American dollar has as well. This is caused the cost of living to increase and therefore, the minimum wage has also. When I first started working the minimum wage was only $5. 15 per hour. Here is Indiana it was actually that for many years up until here just a few years ago. Since the cost of living has gone up, the minimum wage has now gone up to $7. 25 per hour here. I try not to look at it as me only being worth that much; but my time for the company being worth that much. I know that my time is worth more to my family; however, I have to have a means of supporting them. I think it is really hard to determine the worth of people dependant on their career choice. I say this because when we take a rookie baseball player making five million dollars a year and a veteran teacher only makes sixty thousand dollars a year; it is really hard to believe that a baseball player does more good than a teacher. The baseball player makes more because they generate trillions of dollars in income annually for the team; thus why they are able to be paid so much. Although the teachers put in just as much time, if not more, they do not generate any income for the schools, so they could be considered an expense. The funding to pay the teachers come from the government and therefore, is much less than that of a baseball player. However, I do not think that the amount of income can determine one’s worth; especially in this situation. I think I would have to say that I am willing to do many jobs to support myself and my family; however, the one that I am not willing to do is fast food. This is because I can not take the heat of being in the kitchen and dealing with the rude customers. It is also a proven fact that those that work in fast food are more apt to be overweight and not healthy. I have enough problems with my weight the way it is; I don’t need the help of the fast food. Price, value, and worth are all related in one way or another. You make decisions on the worth of the item to you every time you decide to make a purchase or not be determining if the item is worth enough to you to pay the price. The higher the demand equals the lower the supply; therefore, the lower the supply equals the higher the price. The worth is determined by each individual because an item may be worth more to one person than it is to another.

Different Visual Illustrations in Perception Essay

Different Visual Illustrations in Perception How can visual illusions illustrate top down processes in perception? Contrast this with a visual illusion that can be explained through bottom up processes. Text Box: Figure 1 Muller Lyer illusion There are many suggestions to explain how visual illusions can be perceived. These suggestions include physical illusions, bottom up illusions and top down illusions. An example of a physical illusion is†¦show more content†¦In this illusion the lines in both A and B are the same length however the arrows pointing inwards in A make the line appear longer than when the arrows point outwards as in B. Gregory explained this illusion in 1970 by suggesting that the lines are perceived as being three dimensional rather than two-dimensional. This is shown in figure 2 where A is shown as the inside of the room and B shown as the outside. By perceiving the objects in this way A becomes further away than B. However given that the lines are of the same size by applying the principle of size constancy it can be concluded that A is perceived as being longer than B. For this to be perceived knowledge about what the outside and inside of a building looks like must be taken into acc ount. This therefore shows how prior knowledge is used when the image is perceived and so shows how the Muller Lyer illusion is perceived through top down processing. Similarly the ‘Necker CubeÂ’ illusion (figure 3) can also be explained through top down processing. In this illusion the cube flips between two different interpretations of the picture whereby one of the faces of the cube can appear to be at the front of the cube but also can appear to be at the back of the cube. Work carried out by WheatstoneShow MoreRelatedHow A Network Is The Ways Of Knowing1296 Words   |  6 Pagesdepending on the areas of knowledge. 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